Search Federal and State Laws and Incentives

Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Sales Tax Exemption

Vehicles, vehicle power sources, or parts used for converting a vehicle power source to reduce emissions are exempt from state sales and use tax. Exempt vehicles include vehicles certified to federal LEV standards that have a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of over 26,000 pounds (lbs.). The exemption also applies if the GVWR is greater than 10,000 lbs. and if the vehicle, power source, or parts used for converting the power source meet the definition of a category 4, 4A, 4B, 4C, 7, or 7A truck, as defined in Colorado Revised Statutes 39-22-516.8. The vehicle power source includes the engine or motor and associated wiring, fuel lines, engine coolant system, fuel storage containers, and other components.

(Reference Colorado Revised Statutes 39-26-719)

Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit

NOTE: This incentive was originally set to expire on December 31, 2021, but has been extended through December 31, 2024, by Public Law 117-169.

For an entity to be eligible to claim the credit they must be liable for reporting and paying the federal excise tax on the sale or use of the fuel in a motor vehicle. Tax exempt entities such as state and local governments that dispense qualified fuel from an on-site fueling station for use in vehicles qualify for the incentive. Eligible entities must be registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The incentive must first be taken as a credit against the entity’s alternative fuel tax liability; any excess over this fuel tax liability may be claimed as a direct payment from the IRS. The tax credit is not allowed if an incentive for the same alternative fuel is also determined under the rules for the ethanol or biodiesel tax credits.

For more information about claiming the credit, see IRS Form 4136, which is available on the IRS Forms and Publications website.

(Reference 26 U.S. Code 6426 and Public Law 117-169)

Small Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax Credit

NOTE: This incentive originally expired on December 31, 2017, but was retroactively extended through December 31, 2020, by Public Law 116-94.

A small agri-biodiesel producer that is registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may be eligible for a tax incentive in the amount of $0.10 per gallon of agri-biodiesel that is: sold and used by the purchaser in the purchaser's trade or business to produce an agri-biodiesel and diesel fuel mixture; sold and used by the purchaser as a fuel in a trade or business; sold at retail for use as a motor vehicle fuel; used by the producer in a trade or business to produce an agri-biodiesel and diesel fuel mixture; or used by the producer as a fuel in a trade or business. A small producer is one that has, at all times during the tax year, not more than 60 million gallons of productive capacity of any type of agri-biodiesel. Agri-biodiesel is defined as diesel fuel derived solely from virgin oils, including esters derived from corn, soybeans, sunflower seeds, cottonseeds, canola, crambe, rapeseeds, safflowers, flaxseeds, rice bran, mustard seeds, and camelina, and from animal fats; renewable diesel does not qualify for the credit. The incentive applies only to the first 15 million gallons of agri-biodiesel produced in a tax year is allowed as a credit against the producer's income tax liability.. For more information, see IRS Publication 510 and IRS Forms 637 and 8864, which are available via the IRS website. (Reference Public Law 116-94, Public Law 111-312, Section 701; and 26 U.S. Code 40A)

Biodiesel Mixture Excise Tax Credit

NOTE: This incentive was originally set to expire on December 31, 2022, but has been extended through December 31, 2024, by Public Law 117-169.

For more information about claiming the credit, see IRS Form 4136, which is available on the IRS Forms and Publications website.

(Reference 26 U.S. Code 6426 and Public Law 117-169)

Biodiesel Income Tax Credit

NOTE: This incentive was originally set to expire on December 31, 2022, but has been extended through December 31, 2024, by Public Law 117-169.

For more information about claiming the credit, see Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Forms 637 and 8864, which are available on the IRS Forms and Publications website. For information about registering with the EPA, see the EPA Fuels Registration, Reporting, and Compliance Help website.

(Reference 26 U.S. Code 40A and Public Law 117-169)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

Alternative fuels used in a manner that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) deems as nontaxable are exempt from federal fuel taxes. Common nontaxable uses in a motor vehicle are: on a farm for farming purposes; in certain intercity and local buses; in a school bus; for exclusive use by a non-profit educational organization; and for exclusive use by a state, political subdivision of a state, or the District of Columbia. This exemption is not available to tax exempt entities that are not liable for excise taxes on transportation fuel. For more information, see IRS Publication 510. (Reference 26 U.S. Code 4041)

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Tax Credit

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (Public Law 117-169) amended the Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit (IRC 30D), now known as the Clean Vehicle Credit, and added a new requirement for final assembly in North America that took effect on August 17, 2022. Additional requirements apply for vehicles placed in service (delivered) on or after January 1, 2023, and the amount of the credit will depend on whether the vehicle meets new critical minerals and battery components requirements for vehicles placed in service after April 17, 2023. See the IRS Plug-In Electric Drive Vehicle Credit for more information. Taxpayers who purchase an eligible vehicle may qualify for a tax credit of up to $7,500. Additional details are provided below based on when the vehicle is purchased or placed-in-service.

Vehicles Placed in Service on or After April 18, 2023

For vehicles delivered on or after April 18, 2023, limitations apply that went into effect January 1, 2023, related to the vehicle’s manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP), the buyer’s modified adjusted gross income, and the vehicle’s battery capacity. A North American final assembly requirement applies for vehicles purchased on or after August 17, 2022. Additional critical mineral and battery component requirements also apply as of April 18, 2023, which alter how the tax credit is calculated and may alter the amount of the tax credit available. These latter requirements came into effect upon the publication of the Treasury Department’s guidance document regarding the critical mineral and battery component requirements. Vehicles that meet the critical mineral requirements are eligible for a $3,750 tax credit, and vehicles that meet the battery component requirements are eligible for a $3,750 tax credit. Vehicles meeting both the critical mineral and the battery component requirements are eligible for a total tax credit of $7,500.

Vans, sport utility vehicles, and pickup trucks must not have an MSRP above $80,000, and all other vehicles may not have an MSRP above $55,000. The MSRP can be found on the vehicle’s window sticker, which is also known as the “Monroney label”; the MSRP for this purpose includes any trim, options, or accessories for the particular vehicle and excludes the destination fee and dealer-provided options and accessories.

Additionally, a taxpayer’s eligibility for the tax credit may be limited by thresholds for modified adjusted gross income (modified AGI); only individuals having a modified AGI below the following thresholds for the current tax year or the prior tax year are eligible for the tax credit:

• $300,000 for joint filers
• $225,000 for head-of-household filers
• $150,000 for all other filers

To be eligible for the Clean Vehicle Credit, the battery powering the vehicle must have a capacity of at least seven kilowatt-hours (kWh). The amount of the credit depends on whether the vehicle meets certain critical minerals and battery component requirements.

Critical Minerals: To be eligible for the $3,750 critical minerals portion of the tax credit, the percentage of the value of the battery’s critical minerals that are extracted or processed in the United States or a U.S. free-trade agreement partner or recycled in North America, must meet or exceed the following thresholds:

Battery Components: To be eligible for the $3,750 battery components portion of the tax credit, the percentage of the value of the battery’s components that are manufactured or assembled in North America must meet or exceed the following thresholds:

Further guidance on additional 30D requirements is forthcoming. For more information, including additional eligibility requirements, see the IRS Plug-In Electric Drive Vehicle Credit website.

Vehicles Sold on or After January 1 and Placed-in-Service Before April 18, 2023

Beginning January 1, 2023, the Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC) provisions removed the manufacturer sales caps for vehicles sold after January 1, 2023, expanded the scope of eligible vehicles to include both EVs and FCEVs, and required that the battery powering the vehicle has a capacity of at least seven kilowatt-hours (kWh). An available tax credit under the CVC may be limited by the vehicle’s manufacturer suggested retail price (MSRP) and the buyer’s modified adjusted gross income (as addressed above). The North American final assembly requirement continues to apply.

For vehicles placed in service before April 18, 2023, the available CVC tax credit is a base amount of $2,500 plus, for a vehicle that draws propulsion energy from a battery with at least 7 kWh of capacity, $417, plus an additional $417 for each kilowatt hour of battery capacity in excess of 5 kWh. The total tax credit available for a vehicle may not exceed $7,500.

Vehicles Purchased Between August 17 and December 31, 2022

Qualifying EVs purchased and delivered between August 17, 2022, and December 31, 2022, are eligible for the tax incentive as described below for vehicles purchased before August 17, 2022, but are limited to vehicles with final assembly in North America. Manufacturer sales caps on vehicles apply. Note that for some manufacturers, the assembly location may vary because some models are produced in multiple locations. The assembly location of a particular vehicle should be confirmed by referring to its Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) using the U.S. Department of Transportation’s VIN decoder or an information label affixed to the vehicle.

Vehicles Purchased Before August 17, 2022

Qualifying EVs purchased before August 17, 2022, are eligible for a tax credit that is available for the purchase of a new qualified EV that draws propulsion from a battery that has at least five kilowatt-hours (kWh) of capacity, uses an external source of energy to recharge the battery, has a gross vehicle weight rating of up to 14,000 pounds, and meets specified emission standards. The minimum credit amount is $2,500, and the credit may be up to $7,500 based on each vehicle’s traction battery capacity. The credit will begin to be phased out for each manufacturer in the second quarter following the calendar quarter in which a minimum of 200,000 qualified PEVs have been sold by that manufacturer for use in the United States. This tax credit is also available for future EV owners with a written binding contract to purchase a new qualifying electric vehicle before August 16, 2022, but do not take possession of the vehicle until on or after August 16, 2022. For more information, including qualifying vehicles and sales by manufacturer, see the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit website.

(Reference U.S. Code 30D and Public Law 117-169)

Idle Reduction Equipment Excise Tax Exemption

Qualified on-board idle reduction devices and advanced insulation are exempt from the federal excise tax imposed on the retail sale of heavy-duty highway trucks and trailers. The exemption also applies to the installation of qualified equipment on vehicles after the vehicles have been placed into service. For a list of eligible products and additional information about product exemption eligibility criteria, see the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) SmartWay Technology Program Federal Excise Tax Exemption website. The exemption applies to equipment that EPA, in consultation with the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Transportation, identified as reducing the idling of the tractor at a motor vehicle rest stop or other location where such vehicles are temporarily parked or remain stationary. Only equipment sold on or after October 4, 2008, is eligible. For more information, see IRS Publication 510 and the instructions for IRS Form 720, which are available on the IRS Forms and Publications website. (Reference 26 U.S. Code 4053)

Alternative Fuel Mixture Excise Tax Credit

NOTE: This incentive was originally set to expire on December 31, 2021, but has been extended through December 31, 2024, by Public Law 117-169.

For more information about claiming the credit, see IRS Form 720, which is available on the IRS Forms and Publications website.

(Reference 26 U.S. Code 6426 and Public Law 117-169)

Reduced Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) License Tax

The vehicle license tax for an AFV registered in Arizona is $4 for every $100 in assessed value. The minimum amount of the annual AFV license tax is $5. AFV assessed values are determined as follows:

• For AFVs initially registered between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022, the assessed value of the AFV is 20% of the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP);
• For each succeeding year, for the purpose of calculating the license tax, the assessed value of the AFV is reduced by 15% from the value from the preceding year.

For the purpose of this tax, AFVs include those powered exclusively by propane, natural gas, electricity, hydrogen, or a blend of hydrogen with propane or natural gas. For more information, see the ADOT AFV website. The reduced alternative fuel vehicle license tax does not apply to any vehicle purchased on or after December 31, 2022.

(Reference Arizona Revised Statutes 1-215, 28-5801, 28-5805)

Alternative Fuel Tax Refund

The Nebraska Department of Revenue will refund taxes paid on compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, and propane when the fuel is used to operate buses capable of carrying seven or more passengers within or near a municipality. (Reference Nebraska Revised Statutes 66-6,100 and 66-6,109.01)

Propane Tax Exemption

A licensed biodiesel producer may apply for and obtain a tax refund for state fuel taxes paid on methanol used to produce biodiesel. For more information, including how to apply, see the South Dakota Department of Revenue Motor Fuel Excise Tax website.

(Reference South Dakota Statutes 10-47B-167)

Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Tax Credit

An income tax credit is available for 40% of the incremental or conversion cost for qualified AFVs, based on gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) as outlined in the following table:

Alternatively, a tax credit of 5% of the cost of the AFV, up to $750, is available for the purchase of an original equipment manufacturer AFV. Qualified AFVs include vehicles that operate on a combustible liquid derived from grain starch, oil seed, animal fat, other biomass, or produced from a biogas source. Only to the first individual to take title of the vehicle may receive this credit. For motor vehicles capable of operating on E85, the individual claiming the credit must provide evidence of purchasing at least 500 gallons of E85 between the time the vehicle was purchased and December 31, of the following calendar year. Excess credits may be carried over for up to three years after the year in which the expenditures were made. The credit is only available to entities with corporate income tax liability. For more information, see the Alternative Fuel Tax Credit website.

(Reference Kansas Statutes 79-32,201)

Alternative Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit

An income tax credit is available for 40% of the total cost to install alternative fueling infrastructure. Qualified property must be directly related to the delivery of alternative fuel into the fuel tank of an alternative fuel vehicle. The tax credit may not exceed $100,000 per fueling station. Alternative fuels are defined as combustible liquids derived from grain starch, oil seed, animal fat, other biomass, or produced from a biogas source. Excess credits may be carried over for up to three years after the year in which the expenditures were made. The credit is only available to entities with corporate income tax liability. For more information, see the Alternative Fuel Tax Credit website.

(Reference Kansas Statutes 79-32,201)

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station Tax Credit

An eligible business enterprise may claim an income tax credit for the purchase or lease and installation of qualified EV charging station. The EV charging station must be located in Georgia. The tax credit is for 10% of the cost of the EV charging station, up to $2,500. For more information, including eligibility requirements, see the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Clean Vehicle Tax Credits website.

(Reference Georgia Code 48-7-40.16)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

Taxes imposed on alternative fuels used in official vehicles for the United States government or any Delaware state government agency, including volunteer fire and rescue companies, are waived. Alternative fuel retailers must obtain a fuel supplier’s license from the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT), and operators or owners of vehicles using alternative fuel must obtain either a special fuel user’s license from DelDOT or pay the special fuel tax.

(Reference Delaware Code Title 30, Chapter 51, Subchapter II)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

A county, city, village, town, or other political subdivision may not levy or collect any excise, license, privilege, or occupational tax on motor vehicle fuel, alternative fuels, or the purchase, sale, handling, or consumption of motor vehicle fuel or alternative fuels.

(Reference Wisconsin Statutes 78.82)

Propane Excise Tax Exemption

Propane is exempt from the state excise tax when it is used to operate motor vehicles on public highways provided that vehicles are equipped with carburetion systems approved by the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet or fuel systems that meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations, section 571. (Reference Kentucky Revised Statutes 234.321)

Reduced Propane Fuel Tax

The tax imposed on propane used to operate a motor vehicle is equal to half the tax paid on the sale or use of gasoline, or $0.0525 per gallon.

(Reference New Jersey Statutes 54:39-103)

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Sales Equipment Tax Credit

Qualified retailers may be eligible for a corporate income tax credit of 10% of the direct costs incurred to adapt or add equipment to a facility so that it may sell diesel fuel containing at least 2% biodiesel or renewable diesel. A retailer may only claim the credit for up to five years and is limited to $50,000 in cumulative credits for all taxable years. The biodiesel or renewable diesel must meet applicable ASTM standards.

(Reference North Dakota Century Code 57-38-01.23)

Diesel Fuel Blend Tax Exemption

The biodiesel or ethanol portion of blended fuel containing taxable diesel is exempt from the diesel fuel tax. The biodiesel or ethanol fuel blend must be clearly identified on the retail pump, storage tank, and sales invoice in order to be eligible for the exemption. (Reference Texas Statutes, Tax Code 162.204)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

The retail sale, use, storage, and consumption of alternative fuels is exempt from the state retail sales and use tax.

(Reference North Carolina General Statutes 105-164.13 and 105-449.130)

Biofuels Tax Exemption

Through December 31, 2023, a sales and use tax of 6.25% applies to 100% of the proceeds from the sale of fuel blends containing 10% ethanol (E10) and fuel blends containing between 1% and 10% biodiesel (B1-B10). If at any time the sales and use tax is 1.25%, the tax on biodiesel blends will apply to 100% of the proceeds of sales.

Sales and use taxes do not apply to the proceeds from the sale of biodiesel blends containing between 11% and 99% biodiesel (B11-B99) or fuels containing between 70% and 90% ethanol (E70-E90). Taxes will apply to 100% of the proceeds from the sale of biodiesel and ethanol fuel blends made after December 31, 2023.

(Reference 35 Illinois Compiled Statues 120/2-10, 105/3-10, and 105/3-44)

Ethanol and Biodiesel Tax Exemption

Motor fuels sold to an ethanol or biodiesel production facility and motor fuels manufactured at and sold from an ethanol or biodiesel facility are exempt from certain motor fuel tax laws enforced by the Motor Fuels Division of the Nebraska Department of Revenue. (Reference Nebraska Revised Statutes 66-489 and 66-496)

Biodiesel Tax Exemption

Biodiesel is exempt from the $0.34 per gallon state motor fuel tax. Biodiesel may be blended with other fuel for use in motor vehicles, but only the biodiesel portion of the blended fuel is exempt. Biodiesel is defined as fuel that is derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and conforms to ASTM Standard D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines and results in employment at a manufacturing facility for biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel must be produced at a manufacturing facility in Rhode Island.

(Reference Rhode Island General Laws 31-36-1(6))

Alternative Fuel Development Property Tax Exemption

Industrial property that is used for high-technology activities or the creation or synthesis of biodiesel fuel may be eligible for a tax exemption. High-technology activities include those related to advanced vehicle technologies such as electric, hybrid electric, or alternative fuel vehicles and their components. To qualify for the tax exemption, an industrial facility must obtain an exemption certificate for the property from the Michigan State Tax Commission.

(Reference Michigan Compiled Laws 207.552 and 207.803 through 207.809)

Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) Tax Exemption

ZEVs sold, rented, or leased in New Jersey are exempt from state sales and use tax. This exemption does not apply to partial ZEVs, including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. ZEVs are defined as vehicles that meet California Air Resources Board zero emission standards for that model year. For a list of qualified ZEV, see the New Jersey Department of the Treasury ZEV Sales Tax Exemption website.

(Reference New Jersey Statutes 54:32B-8.55)

Biofuels Production Tax Deduction

The cost of purchasing qualified biomass feedstocks to be processed into biofuels, as well as the associated equipment, may be deducted in computing the compensating tax due under the New Mexico Gross Receipts and Compensating Tax Act. For the purpose of this incentive, biofuels include ethanol, methanol, methane, and hydrogen. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-9-98)

Biodiesel Production and Blending Tax Credit

Qualified biodiesel producers or blenders are eligible for an income tax credit of $1.00 per gallon of pure biodiesel (B100) or renewable diesel produced or used in the blending process. Re-blending of blended biodiesel does not qualify for the tax credit. The total amount of credits claimed by all biodiesel producers may not exceed the annual biodiesel tax credit cap of $10 million. Unused credits may not be carried forward. For the purpose of this credit, biodiesel must meet ASTM Standard D6751, and renewable diesel is defined as a renewable, biodegradable, non-ester combustible liquid derived from biomass resources that meets ASTM Standard D975.

(Reference Kentucky Revised Statutes 141.422 to 141.424)

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Blender Tax Credit

A licensed fuel supplier who blends biodiesel or renewable diesel with diesel fuel may claim an income tax credit of $0.05 per gallon for fuel containing at least 5% biodiesel or renewable diesel. The tax credit may not exceed the taxpayer’s liability for the taxable year and each year’s unused credit amount may be carried forward for up to five taxable years. The biodiesel or renewable diesel must meet applicable ASTM standards.

(Reference North Dakota Century Code 57-38-01.22)

Alternative Fuel and Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Use Tax Exemption

Arizona use taxes do not apply to natural gas or propane used in an AFV, AFVs converted to operate on alternative fuels, or the equipment used to convert a diesel vehicle to an AFV. Recognized alternative fuels include propane, natural gas, electricity, hydrogen, and a blend of hydrogen with propane or natural gas.

(Reference Arizona Revised Statutes 1-215 and 42-5159)

Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Tax Credit

For tax years beginning before December 31, 2028, a one-time income tax credit is available for up to $50,000 towards the cost of purchasing a new original equipment manufacturer AFV or converting a vehicle to operate on an alternative fuel. Tax credit amounts vary depending in the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of the vehicle:

The state also provides a tax credit of 10% of the total vehicle cost, up to $1,500, if the incremental cost of a new AFV cannot be determined or when an AFV is resold, as long as a tax credit has not been previously taken on the vehicle. Equipment used for conversions must be new, not previously used to modify or retrofit any vehicle, meet applicable federal and state safety standards, and must be installed by a state certified alternative fuels equipment technician. Eligible alternative fuels include natural gas, propane, electric, and hydrogen. Tax credits may be carried forward for up to five years.

(Reference Senate Bill 1857, 2022 and Oklahoma Statutes 68-2357.22)

Alternative Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit

For tax years beginning before December 31, 2028, a tax credit is available for up to 45% of the cost of installing commercial alternative fueling infrastructure. Eligible alternative fuels include natural gas, propane, hydrogen, and electricity. The infrastructure must be new and not previously installed or used to fuel alternative fuel vehicles. A tax credit is also available for up to 50% of the cost of installing a residential propane, compressed natural gas, or liquefied natural gas fueling system for noncommercial purposes, up to $2,500. The tax credit may be carried forward for up to five years.

(Reference Senate Bill 1857, 2022 and Oklahoma Statutes 68-2357.22)

Electric Vehicle (EV) Title Excise Tax Exemption

Qualified EVs are exempt from the excise tax imposed on an original certificate of title. The original purchaser and subsequent purchasers of the same vehicle are eligible for the excise tax exemption. The District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) determines which EVs qualify. For more information, including eligible EVs, see the District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles website. (Reference District of Columbia Code 50-2201.03(j)(3)(J))

Biodiesel Blend Retailer Tax Credit

Retailers selling biodiesel blends containing a minimum of 5% biodiesel (B5) are eligible for a state income tax credit of $0.035 per gallon of biodiesel sold. Biodiesel blends containing a minimum of 11% biodiesel (B11) are eligible for a state income tax of $0.055 per gallon sold. The tax credit expires December 31, 2027.

(Reference Iowa Code 422.11P)

Ethanol Fuel Retailer Tax Credit

Retailers that sell fuel blends of gasoline containing up to 15% ethanol by volume (E15) are eligible for a motor fuel tax credit of $0.016 per gallon of ethanol blended into gasoline and sold in Oklahoma, as long as the retailer provides a price reduction to the purchaser of the ethanol fuel in the same amount. This incentive is effective unless the federal government mandates the use of reformulated fuel in an area within Oklahoma that is in nonattainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. (Reference Oklahoma Statutes 68-500.10-1)

Vehicle Battery and Engine Research Tax Credits

A corporation involved in qualified research is eligible for a tax credit equal to 11.5% of the qualified research expenses that the corporation incurs in Wisconsin during the taxable year. Qualified research includes, but is not limited to, automotive batteries for use in hybrid electric vehicles that improve the efficiency of electricity use, and research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles. For the purpose of the tax credit, internal combustion engines include fuel cell, electric, and hybrid electric vehicles. Corporations may claim an additional tax credit equal to 5% of the amount paid or incurred during the taxable year to construct and equip new facilities or expand existing facilities used in Wisconsin for qualified research. For more information see the Wisconsin Department of Revenue Research Credits website

(Reference 71.28(4)(ab)(2), 71.28(4)(ad), and 71.28(5)(ad))

Alternative Fuel Tax Refund for Taxis

A person using alternative fuel to operate a taxi used to transport passengers may be reimbursed for the cost of the Wisconsin state fuel tax. Refund claims must be filed within one year of the fuel purchase date and must be for a minimum of 100 gallons of alternative fuel.

(Reference Wisconsin Statutes 78.75(1m)(a)(1) and 78.75(1m)(b))

Ethanol Production Incentive

Montana-based ethanol producers are eligible for a tax incentive of $0.20 per gallon of ethanol produced solely from Montana agricultural products or ethanol produced from non-Montana agricultural products when Montana products are unavailable. If the producer uses non-Montana based agricultural products, the amount of the tax incentive per gallon is reduced proportionately, based on the percentage of non-Montana based agricultural or wood products used in production. The tax incentive is available to a facility for the first six years from the date production begins.

Ethanol eligible for the incentive must be blended with gasoline for sale as ethanol-blended gasoline in Montana, exported from Montana for sale as ethanol-blended gasoline, or used in the production of ethyl butyl ether for use in reformulated gasoline. To receive the tax incentive, an ethanol producer must use at least 20% Montana products to produce the ethanol in the first year of production, must use at least 25% Montana products in the second year of production, and must increase the amount of Montana products by 10% each year thereafter.

(Reference Montana Code Annotated 15-70-522)

Biodiesel and Renewable Production and Blending Equipment Tax Credit

Qualified producers or blenders may be eligible for a corporate income tax credit of 10% of the direct costs incurred to add equipment to retrofit an existing facility or construct a new facility in the state for the purpose of producing or blending diesel fuel containing at least 2% biodiesel or renewable diesel. A taxpayer may only claim the credit for up to five years and is limited to $250,000 in cumulative credits for all taxable years. The biodiesel or renewable diesel must meet applicable ASTM standards.

(Reference North Dakota Century Code 57-38-30.6)

Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle System Manufacturing Incentive

The Alternative Energy Product Manufacturers Tax Credit provides credit against combined reporting taxes (gross receipts, compensating, and withholding) for qualified manufacturers of alternative energy products, including hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle systems, and electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The credit is limited to 5% of qualifying expenditures, and manufacturers must fulfill job creation requirements to be eligible. Qualified manufacturers must apply for and receive approval from the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department before they may claim the credit. For more information, including eligibility and application details, refer to the New Mexico’s Industry-Specific Tax Incentives website. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-9J-1 through 7-9J-8)

Alternative Fuel and Vehicle Production Property Tax Incentive

Alternative fuel production facilities, including biodiesel, biomass, biogas, and ethanol production facilities, may qualify for a reduced property tax rate of 3% of market value. Renewable energy manufacturing facilities, including those manufacturing plug-in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles, also qualify. In addition, temporary property tax rate abatements are available for qualified biodiesel, biomass, biogas, and ethanol production facilities. The tax abatements are available during facility construction and for the first 15 years after the facility begins operation. The total time of the qualifying period may not exceed 19 years. For more information, see the Montana Department of Environmental Quality "Clean and Green" Property Tax Incentives website. (Reference Montana Code Annotated 15-6-157, 15-6-158, and 15-24-3111)

Renewable Fuel Retailer Tax Incentive

A licensed retail motor fuel dealer may receive a quarterly incentive from the Kansas Retail Dealer Incentive Fund for selling and dispensing renewable fuels, including biodiesel. A qualified motor fuel dealer is eligible for up to $0.065 for every gallon of renewable fuel sold and up to $0.03 for every gallon of biodiesel sold, if the required threshold percentage is met. The threshold is determined by calculating the percent of total gasoline sales that are renewable fuel or biodiesel. For renewable fuel, the threshold increases incrementally on an annual basis from 10% in 2009 to 25% beginning on January 1, 2024. For biodiesel, the threshold increases incrementally on an annual basis from 2% in 2009 to 25% in 2025. Renewable fuels are defined as combustible liquids derived from grain starch, oil seed, animal fat, other biomass, or produced from a biogas source.

(Reference Kansas Statutes 79-34,171 through 79-34,176)

Biodiesel Blend Tax Exemption

Biodiesel blends of at least 20% (B20) that are used for personal, noncommercial use by the individual that produced the biodiesel portion of the fuel are exempt from the special fuel license tax. The maximum number of gallons of fuel for which the exemption may be claimed is based on the percentage volume of biodiesel in each gallon used. For more information, see the Indiana Department of Revenue Fuel Tax Forms website. (Reference Indiana Code 6-6-2.5-1.5, 6-6-2.5-28, and 6-6-2.5-30.5)

Alternative Fuel Production Tax Credits

The High Quality Jobs Program offers state tax incentives to business projects for the production of biomass or alternative fuels. Incentives may include an investment tax credit equal to a percentage of the qualifying investment, amortized over five years; a refund of state sales, service, or use taxes paid to contractors or subcontractors during construction; an increase of the state's refundable research activities credit; and a local property tax exemption of up to 100% of the value added to the property. For more information, refer to the High Quality Jobs Program website. (Reference Iowa Code 15.335 and 422.10)

Biofuels Tax Exemption

Biodiesel or other biofuels produced by an individual from feedstocks grown on the individual's property and used in the individual's own vehicle are exempt from the state motor fuel excise tax. (Reference Oklahoma Statutes 68-500.4 and 68-500.10)

Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Tax Exemption

The following are exempt from state sales tax: 1) any device, equipment, or machinery operated by hydrogen or fuel cells; 2) any device, equipment, or machinery used to generate, produce, or distribute hydrogen and designated specifically for hydrogen or fuel cell applications; and 3) any device, equipment, or machinery used predominantly for manufacturing, or research and development involving hydrogen or fuel cell technologies.

(Reference South Carolina Code of Laws 12-36-2120(71))

Biofuels Production Property Tax Exemption

Property used to produce biofuels, including ethanol and biodiesel, may be eligible for a property tax exemption if it is located in a designated Rural Renewable Energy Development Zone. The Oregon Business Development Department must receive and approve an application from a qualified rural area to designate the area as a Rural Renewable Energy Development Zone. For more information, see the Business Oregon Rural Renewable Energy Development Zone website. (Reference Oregon Revised Statutes 285C.350 through 285C.370)

Biodiesel Tax Exemption

An individual who produces biodiesel for use in that individual's private passenger vehicle is exempt from the state motor fuel excise tax. (Reference North Carolina General Statutes 105-449.88)

Biodiesel Production Tax Credit

Qualified biodiesel and green diesel producers are eligible for a tax credit of $0.01 per gallon of biodiesel or renewable diesel fuels produced. This credit is available for producers who generate up to two million gallons of biodiesel or renewable diesel fuel per year. The annual credit may not exceed $5,000, and producers are only eligible for the credit for the first three years of production. The Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy must certify qualified producers. For more information, see the Virginia Department of Taxation Environmental Credits website.

(Reference Virginia Code 58.1-439.12:02)

Ethanol Production Tax Credit

Qualified ethanol producers are eligible for an income tax credit of $1.00 per gallon of corn- or cellulosic-based ethanol that meets ASTM Standard D4806. The total credit amount available for producers is $5 million for each fuel type in each taxable year. Unused ethanol credits from one ethanol-based cap, such as corn, may be applied to another ethanol-based cap, such as cellulosic, in the same taxable year. Unused credits may not be carried forward. Feedstock eligibility restrictions may apply.

(Reference Kentucky Revised Statutes 141.422 and 141.4242 to 141.4248)

E85 Retailer Tax Credit

Retail stations dispensing gasoline fuel blends of E85 for use in motor vehicles may be eligible for a tax credit in the amount of $0.16 per gallon sold. The tax credit expires after December 31, 2027. Eligible taxpayers may also claim the mid-level ethanol blend retailer tax credit for the same tax year.

(Reference Iowa Code 422.11O)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Electricity Tax Exemption for Transit Use

CNG and electricity that local agencies or public transit operators use as motor vehicle fuel to operate public transit services is exempt from applicable user taxes a county imposes.

(Reference California Revenue and Taxation Code 7284.3)

Biodiesel Tax Refund

A licensed distributor who pays the special fuel tax on biodiesel may claim a refund equal to $0.02 per gallon of biodiesel sold during the previous quarter if the biodiesel is made entirely from components produced in Montana. Additionally, the owner or operator of a retail motor fuel outlet may claim a refund equal to $0.01 per gallon of biodiesel purchased from a licensed distributor if the biodiesel is made entirely from components produced in the state. Refund requests must be filed on a quarterly basis. (Reference Montana Code Annotated 15-70-433)

Biodiesel Blend Tax Credit

Licensed biodiesel blenders are eligible for a tax credit for special fuel, including diesel that is blended with biodiesel. The tax credit is granted on a per gallon basis in the amount that the rate for special fuel exceeds the rate for the biodiesel blend. The purpose of the credit is to offset any tax liability resulting from the blending of previously untaxed biodiesel.

(Reference South Dakota Statutes 10-47B-121.1)

Tax Refund for Methanol Used in Biodiesel Production

A licensed biodiesel producer may apply for and obtain a tax refund for state fuel taxes paid on methanol used to produce biodiesel. For more information, including how to apply, see the South Dakota Department of Revenue Motor Fuel Excise Tax website.

(Reference South Dakota Statutes 10-47B-120.1)

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Infrastructure and Battery Tax Credit

Public lands used for installing, maintaining, and operating EV chargers are exempt from leasehold excise taxes. Additionally, the state sales and use taxes do not apply to EV and FCEV batteries or fuel cells; labor and services for installing, repairing, altering, or improving EV and FCEV batteries fuel cells, or EV and FCEV infrastructure; the sale of property used for EV and hydrogen fueling infrastructure; and the sale of zero emission buses.

(Reference Revised Code of Washington 82.29A.125, 82.08.816, and 82.12.816)

Biodiesel Tax Exemption

Biodiesel producers that produce biodiesel from waste vegetable oil feedstock are exempt from the state special fuel tax. Waste vegetable oil is used cooking oil gathered from restaurants or commercial food processors. Biodiesel producers must annually register with the Montana Department of Transportation and report biodiesel production and consumption by February 15 of the following year. (Reference Montana Code Annotated 15-70-401 and 15-70-405)

Biodiesel Fuel Tax Exemption

An individual that produces biodiesel for personal use or use by a member of their immediate family is exempt from the state fuel excise tax.

(Reference Maine Revised Statutes Title 36, Section 3203 and 3204-A)

Provision for Green Jobs Tax Credit

Pending available funding, the Louisiana Department of Economic Development will offer a corporate or income tax credit for qualified capital infrastructure projects in Louisiana that are directly related to industries including, but not limited to, the advanced drivetrain vehicle and biofuels industries. The tax credit is for 7% to 18% of the project costs, calculated based on the investment costs, up to $1,000,000 per state-certified green project. The portion of the base investment expended on payroll for Louisiana residents employed in connection with the construction of the project may be eligible for an additional 7.2% tax credit on the payroll. Annual credits caps apply and credits will be distributed on a first-come, first-served basis to eligible recipients. Restrictions may apply.

(Reference Louisiana Revised Statutes 47:6037)

Green Jobs Tax Credit

Qualified employers are eligible for a $500 tax credit for each new green job created that offers a salary of at least $50,000, for up to 350 jobs per employer. The credit is allowed for the first five years that the job is continuously filled. For the purposes of this tax credit, a green job is defined as employment in industries relating to renewable or alternative energy, including hydrogen and fuel cell technology, landfill gas, and biofuels. For more information, see the Virginia Department of Taxation Environmental Credits website.

(Reference Virginia Code 58.1-439.12:05)

Biodiesel Feedstock Tax Exemption

Waste vegetable oil, specifically cooking oil gathered from restaurants or commercial food processors, used by an individual to produce biodiesel for personal use is exempt from state sales and use taxes. The purchaser must provide the seller with an exemption certificate from the Washington Department of Revenue.

(Reference Revised Code of Washington 82.08.0205 and 82.12.0205)

Alternative Fuels Tax Exemption and Refund for Government Fleet Vehicles

State excise tax does not apply to special fuels, including gaseous special fuels, when used in state or federal government owned vehicles. Special fuels include natural gas, propane, hydrogen, and fuel suitable for use in diesel engines. In addition, state excise tax paid on special fuels used in state or federal government vehicles is subject to a refund, as long as the tax was originally paid directly to a special fuel vendor. The tax refund is not available for special fuels used while idling. Idling means a period of time greater than 15 minutes when the motor vehicle is stationary with the engine operating.

(Reference Idaho Statutes 63-2401, 63-2402, and 63-2423)

Biofuel Blending Equipment Tax Exemption

Qualified equipment used for storing and blending petroleum-based fuel with biodiesel, ethanol, or other biofuel is exempt from state property taxes. The exemption begins at the time of installation at a fuel terminal, refinery, or biofuel production plant, and ends 10 taxable years following the year of installation. Equipment used only for denaturing ethyl alcohol is not eligible.

(Reference Kansas Statutes 79-232 and 79-32,251)

Biofuel Production Facility Tax Exemption

Any newly constructed or expanded biomass-to-energy facility is exempt from state property taxes for up to 10 taxable years immediately following the taxable year in which construction or installation is completed. A biomass-to-energy facility includes any industrial process plant that uses biomass to produce at least 500,000 gallons of cellulosic alcohol fuel, liquid or gaseous fuel, or other source of energy in a quantity with energy content at least equal to that of 500,000 gallons of cellulosic alcohol fuel. Expansion of an existing biomass-to-energy facility is defined as expansion of the facility’s production capacity by a minimum of 10%.

(Reference Kansas Statutes 79-229 and 79-32,233)

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Tax Credit

Beginning July 1, 2023, qualified EV and FCEV purchasers may apply for an excise tax credit of up to $3,000. The tax credit is first-come, first-served, and is limited to one vehicle per individual and 10 vehicles per business entity. Qualified vehicles must meet the following criteria:

• Have a total purchase price not exceeding $50,000;
• Be propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery with a capacity of at least 4 kilowatt-hours;
• Have not been modified from original manufacturer specifications; and
• Be purchased and titled for the first time between July 1, 2023, and July 1, 2027.

Additional restrictions apply.

(Reference Maryland Statutes, Transportation Code 13-815)

Excise Tax Exemption for Biodiesel Produced by Schools

Biodiesel fuel manufactured by a public or private secondary school is exempt from the diesel fuel excise tax and the associated registration requirements. To qualify for the exemption, total annual production of biodiesel must be less than 1,000 gallons and may only be used by the school, its employees, or its students. (Reference Florida Statutes 206.874)

Battery Manufacturing Tax Incentive

For taxation purposes, the taxable fair market value of manufacturing machinery and equipment purchased for use at a renewable energy manufacturing facility may be reduced by 20% of the original cost. Qualified renewable energy manufacturing facilities include those manufacturing batteries for hybrid electric, fuel cell, or other motor vehicles certified by the South Carolina Energy Office. Qualified facilities must invest at least $100 million in the project and create at least 200 new full-time jobs with an average compensation level of 150% of the annual per capita income in South Carolina or the county where the facility is located, whichever is less. Additional restrictions apply.

(Reference South Carolina Code of Laws 12-10-30, 12-10-80, 12-15-20, 12-15-30, 12-37-930)

Advanced Transportation Tax Exclusion

The California Alternative Energy and Advanced Transportation Financing Authority (CAEATFA) provides a sales and use tax exclusion for qualified manufacturers of advanced transportation products, components, or systems that reduce pollution and energy use and promote economic development. Incentives are available until December 31, 2025. For more information, including application materials, see the CAEATFA Sales and Use Tax Exclusion Program website.

(Reference California Public Resources Code 26000-26017)

Renewable Fuel Producer Excise Tax and Inspection Exemption

The first 1,000 gallons of renewable fuel that an individual produces each year are exempt from the motor vehicle fuel excise tax, the petroleum inspection fee, and any petroleum inspection requirements not required under federal law. These exemptions only apply if the fuel is used in the individual’s personal vehicle and is not sold. An individual may also produce renewable fuel for personal use without a business tax registration certificate or a motor vehicle fuel tax license. For more information see the Wisconsin Department of Revenue Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax website.

(Reference Wisconsin Statutes 78.01(2n) and 168.05(6))

Biodiesel Blending Facility Tax Credit

A tax credit is available for up to 30% of the cost of both purchasing and installing equipment used to produce biodiesel blends containing at least 2% biodiesel (B2). The tax credit is limited to $50,000 per facility and is claimed against gross receipts tax or compensating tax. Individuals or organizations must apply for and obtain a certificate of eligibility from the New Mexico Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department before claiming the credit. The credit may be carried forward for four years from the date of the certificate of eligibility. For more eligibility and application details, refer to the New Mexico’s Industry-Specific Tax Incentives website. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-9-79.2)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

Alternative fuel distributed by or used for federal government, state government, or Indian nation, tribe, or pueblo purposes is exempt from the state excise tax. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-16B-5)

Propane and Electricity Tax Exemptions

Propane and electricity used to operate motor vehicles are exempt from state motor fuel taxes. For more information, see the Utah State Tax Commission website.

(Reference Utah Code 59-13-102, 59-13-201, and 59-13-301)

Mid-Level Ethanol Blend Retailer Tax Credit

Retail stations dispensing mid-level blends of ethanol, between 15% (E15) and 69% (E69), for use in motor vehicles may be eligible for a tax credit. Credit amounts vary by date. The tax credit expires December 31, 2024.

(Reference Iowa Code 214A.1 and 422.11Y)

Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Job Creation Tax Credit

A business that manufactures alternative energy products for use in battery, biofuel, and electric vehicle enterprises may claim an annual tax credit for five years. The amount of the tax credit is based on the number of eligible new full-time employee jobs. Qualified entities must be defined as business enterprises, which do not include retail businesses. Credit amounts differ depending on how the county in which the business is located ranks based on unemployment rates and income levels. Other conditions apply.

(Reference Georgia Code 48-7-40)

Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit

Fueling equipment for natural gas, propane, liquefied hydrogen, electricity, E85, or diesel fuel blends containing a minimum of 20% biodiesel installed through December 31, 2022, is eligible for a tax credit of 30% of the cost, not to exceed $30,000. Permitting and inspection fees are not included in covered expenses. Fueling station owners who install qualified equipment at multiple sites are allowed to use the credit towards each location. Unused credits that qualify as general business tax credits, as defined by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), may be carried backward one year and carried forward 20 years. For more information about claiming the credit, see IRS Form 8911, which is available on the IRS Forms and Publications website.

Beginning January 1, 2023, fueling equipment for natural gas, propane, hydrogen, electricity, E85, or diesel fuel blends containing a minimum of 20% biodiesel, is eligible for a tax credit of 30% of the cost or 6% in the case of property subject to depreciation, not to exceed $100,000. Eligible projects that meet prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements may be eligible to receive the full 30% tax credit, regardless of depreciation status. Permitting and inspection fees are not included in covered expenses.

Qualified fueling equipment must be installed in locations that meet the following census tract requirements:

• The census tract is not an urban area;

• A population census tract where the poverty rate is at least 20%; or

• Metropolitan and non-metropolitan area census tract where the median family income is less than 80% of the state medium family income level.

Consumers who purchase qualified residential fueling equipment between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2032, may receive a tax credit of up to $1,000.

Additional requirements may apply. For further details, please see the IRS Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 website.

(Reference 26 U.S. Code 30C, 30D, and 38 and Public Law 117-169)

Biodiesel Tax Deduction

Entities and individuals that receive or manufacture and deliver biodiesel within the state for blending or resale are eligible for a tax deduction for the fuel. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-16A-10)

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption

Alternative fuel is exempt from taxes if it is sold to a government entity for its exclusive use, a non-profit charitable organization for the purpose of providing charitable services for low-income medical patients, or produced by an agricultural operation and used exclusively for farm use or vehicles of that producer.

(Reference Virginia Code 58.1-2250)

Ethanol Production Facility Property Tax Exemption

Equipment used to produce ethanol from grain is exempt from state property taxes during construction of an ethanol manufacturing facility and for 10 years after the manufacturing facility construction is complete. (Reference Montana Code Annotated 15-6-220)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Tax Credit

A carrier operating a commercial CNG vehicle on any Indiana highway may claim a credit equal to 12% of the road taxes imposed on its CNG consumption in the previous calendar quarter. The credit is refundable. (Reference Indiana Code 6-6-4.1-1 and 6-6-12)

Natural Gas Station Property Tax Reduction

Any public utility, commercial, or industrial property certified to fuel natural gas vehicles may not be valued for property tax purposes at more than 30% of its total installed cost. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation must certify that the station uses compressed or liquefied natural gas for the purpose of fueling motor vehicles and displaces more than 6,000 gallons of petroleum annually.

(Reference Tennessee Code 67-5-601 and 67-4-2004)

Ethanol Sales Tax Exemption

The portion of ethanol sold and blended with motor fuel is exempt from sales tax. (Reference Oklahoma Statutes 68-500.10-1 and 68-1359)

Voluntary Vehicle Retirement and Replacement Incentives

Through the California Bureau of Automotive Repair’s (Bureau) Consumer Assistance Program (CAP), the owner of a personal motor vehicle may receive $1,000 to retire the vehicle early from operation and purchase a replacement vehicle that meets emission fuel economy and model year requirements. Applicants must provide proof of a failed smog test and may retire up to two vehicles annually. Low-income eligible applicants may receive $1,500 to retire the vehicle and must provide proof of a completed smog test, pass or fail. An eligible vehicle must be registered in the state without substantial lapse for at least two years prior to retirement. The owner must retire the vehicle at a dismantler under contract with the Bureau. For low-income eligible applicants, the Bureau also offers financial assistance of up to $1,200 toward emissions-related repairs for vehicles remaining in service that cannot pass the biennial smog check inspection. For more information, additional eligibility requirements, eligible replacement vehicles, and application materials, see the CAP website. (Reference California Health and Safety Code 44062.3 and 44125)

(Reference California Health and Safety Code 44062.3 and 44125)

Alternative Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit

An income tax credit is available for 50% of the cost of alternative fueling infrastructure, up to $5,000. Qualifying infrastructure includes electric vehicle charging stations and equipment to dispense fuel that is 85% or more natural gas, propane, or hydrogen. Unused credits may be carried over into future tax years. For more information, including how to claim the credit, please see the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance website. (Reference New York Tax Law 187-b)

Biodiesel Blending Facility Loading Fee Deduction

In calculating the annual petroleum products loading fee, a facility owner may deduct the number of biodiesel gallons delivered to be blended into petroleum products. The total deducted amount must be documented in the tax return associated with the facility in a format the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department approves. For more information, see the Conservation & Preservation Tax Credits website. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-13A-5)

Natural Gas Tax Exemptions

Compressed, liquefied, and renewable natural gas used as a transportation fuel are exempt from public utility taxes. In addition, natural gas distribution businesses are eligible for an exemption for machinery and equipment used to produce natural gas for transportation fuel. This exemption is available quarterly as a remittance.

(Reference Revised Code of Washington 82.08.02565 and 82.16.310)

Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Conversion and Infrastructure Tax Credit

Businesses and individuals are eligible for an income tax credit of 50% of the equipment and labor costs for the conversion of qualified AFVs, up to $19,000 per vehicle. A tax credit is also available for 50% of the equipment and labor costs for the purchase and installation of alternative fuel infrastructure on qualified AFV fueling property. The maximum credit is $1,000 per residential electric vehicle charging station, and $10,000 per publicly accessible AFV fueling station. Qualified alternative fuels include, ethanol blends of at least 85%, natural gas, propane, biodiesel, electricity, and hydrogen. For more information, see the Office of Tax and Revenue website. (Reference District of Columbia Code 47-1806.12 through 47-1806.13, 47-1807.10 through 47-1807.11, and 47-1808.10 through 47-1808.11)

Alternative Fuel Export Tax Exemption

Alternative fuel sold for use in motor vehicles and intended for export from the state by a licensed alternative fuel exporter is exempt from the alternative fuel license tax. Any person exporting alternative fuel for which the license tax has been paid is eligible for a refund of the license tax paid. The exporter must submit the refund request within one year of the date of fuel purchase.

(Reference Wyoming Statutes 39-17-301, 39-17-305, and 39-17-309(c))

Qualified Heavy-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Tax Credit

Taxpayers may be eligible for a tax credit for the purchase of a qualified heavy-duty AFV. Qualifying fuels include natural gas, electricity, and hydrogen. Each qualified heavy-duty AFV is eligible for the following tax credit amounts:

At least 50% of the qualified vehicle’s miles must be driven in the state. A single taxpayer may claim credits for up to 10 AFVs annually. If more than 30% of the total available tax credits in a single year have not been claimed by May 1, a taxpayer may apply for credits for an additional eight AFVs. Up to 25% of the tax credits are reserved for taxpayers with small fleets of less than 40 vehicles. Additional conditions and restrictions may apply. For more information, see the Utah Department of Environmental Quality Alternative Fuel Heavy Duty Vehicle Tax Credit Program website.

Commercial Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) and Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit

Businesses are eligible to receive tax credits for purchasing new or used medium- and heavy-duty AFVs and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles converted to alternative fuels, and installing alternative fueling infrastructure. Eligible alternative fuels are natural gas, propane, hydrogen, dimethyl ether, and electricity. Tax credits for qualified alternative fueling infrastructure are for up to 50% of the cost to purchase and install the infrastructure. New commercial vehicle tax credit amounts vary based on gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and are up to 75% of the incremental cost, with maximum credit values as follows:

Leased AFVs may receive a tax credit for 75% cost, up to $25,000 per vehicle. This exemption also applies to qualified used vehicles modified with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-certified aftermarket conversion, if the vehicle is being sold for the first time after modification. Modified vehicles are eligible for credits equal to 50% of the commercial vehicle conversion cost, up to $25,000.

Each entity may claim up to $250,000 or credits for 25 vehicles per year. All credits earned must be used in that calendar year or the subsequent year. Tax credits are available on a first-come, first-served basis and are subject to annual limits of $2 million for vehicle credits, and $6 million for infrastructure.

(Reference Revised Code of Washington 82.16.0496 and 82.04.4496)

Biofuel Production Jobs Tax Credit

Companies that invest in the development of a biofuel production facility may be eligible for a tax credit of 3% of the previous year’s annual employee wages. Companies may claim this credit against the utility gross receipts and utility service use taxes for up to 10 years; the credit may be refundable during the incentive period or claimed as a credit against utility taxes paid with a carryforward for earned but unused amounts. Companies may also be eligible for a tax credit of 1.5% of qualified capital investment annually for up to 10 years. Companies may claim this credit against the income tax, estimated income taxes, financial institution excise tax, or the insurance premium tax. The credit may also be claimed as a credit against taxes paid with a carryforward for earned but unused amounts.

For the purposes of the credit, biofuel is defined as a motor vehicle fuel that is produced from grain, starch, oilseeds, vegetable, algae, animal materials, or other biomass. To be eligible for the tax credits, companies must execute a project agreement with the Governor.

(Reference Code of Alabama 2-2-90 and 40-18-370 through 40-18-383)

Electric Vehicle (EV) Tax Credit

Qualified EVs titled and registered in Colorado are eligible for a tax credit. Light-duty EVs purchased or leased before January 1, 2026, are eligible for a tax credit equal to the amounts below, per calendar year:

The credit amount for any qualifying truck is limited to the difference in manufacturer’s suggested retail price between the qualifying truck and a comparable truck that operates on either gasoline or diesel fuel.

Eligible purchased vehicles must be new, and eligible leased vehicles must have a lease term of not less than two years. A purchaser may assign the tax credit generated through the purchase or lease to any of the above categories of vehicle to the financing entity, allowing the purchaser to realize the value of the tax credit at the time of purchase or lease. The financing entity may collect an administrative fee of no more than $150.

For more information, see the Colorado Department of Revenue’s Income 69 FYI publication.

(Reference Colorado Revised Statutes 39-22-516.5, 39-22-516.7, and 39-22-516.8)

Alternative Fueling Infrastructure Tax Credit

An income tax credit is available for 25% of the cost to purchase, construct, and install qualified alternative fueling infrastructure. Qualified infrastructure includes equipment used to distribute, dispense, or store alternative fuel. Eligible fuels include natural gas and propane. The entire credit must be taken in three equal annual installments beginning with the taxable year in which the facility is placed into service. Unused credits may be carried forward for up to ten succeeding taxable years. A taxpayer may transfer the tax credit to eligible agencies after notifying the South Carolina Department of Revenue. This tax credit expires January 1, 2026.

(Reference South Carolina Code of Laws 12-28-110, 12-37-2820, and 12-6-3695)

Hydrogen Fuel Production Incentives

Businesses that convert natural gas to hydrogen fuel, or produce natural gas solely for use in the production of hydrogen fuel for zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), may be eligible for an oil and gas severance tax credit. Each eligible applicant may receive a tax credit equal to the amount of the severance tax owed, up to $5 million per year. Entities that produce hydrogen fuel for use in ZEVs or hydrogen fueled trucks may also qualify for grant funding or loans from the Utah Department of Workforce Services Community Impact Fund.

(Reference Utah Code 35A-8-302 and 59-5-102)

Special Fuel Tax Exemption

The sale of biodiesel, blended biodiesel, and natural gas used to power an internal combustion engine or motor is exempt from state gross retail tax. (Reference Indiana Code 6-2.5-5-51 and 6-6-2.5-22)

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station Rebates – Hawaii Energy

Hawaii Energy administers the EV Charging Station rebate program on behalf of the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission, which offers rebates to commercial entities, workplaces, and multifamily dwellings for the installation of Level 2 and direct current fast charging (DCFC) stations. Eligible applicants include individuals, non-profit organizations, private businesses, government entities, and homeowner associations or authorized entities on behalf of multifamily dwellings. Rebates are available for new and retrofitted EV charging stations and award amounts vary based on project type, charging station technology, and port count. Rebates are awarded on a first-come, first-served basis while funding lasts. For more information, including program eligibility and requirements, see the Hawaii Energy EV Charging Station website.

(Reference Hawaii Revised Statutes 243-3.5, 269-72 and 269-73)

Special Fuel Tax Exemption

Natural gas sold in bulk quantities of 500 gallons or more for use in municipal-owned vehicles may be exempt from the fuel excise tax. To receive the exemption, municipalities must submit an application to the State Tax Commissioner along with an affidavit, a copy of invoices, and the paid sales slips.

(Reference West Virginia Code 11-14-3 and 11-14-5)

Non-Residential Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station Rebate – Connexus Energy

Connexus Energy offers commercial customers a rebate of up to $2,000 for the purchase and installation of Level 2 EV charging station. Eligible applicants include public entities, workplaces, multifamily units, and fleets. For more information, see the Conexus Energy EV website.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Tax Exemption

Beginning July 1, 2022, 50% of the retail sales and state use tax does not apply to the sale or lease of the first 650 purchases of new passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles powered by fuel cells. The maximum value amount eligible for the tax exemption is the less of $16,000 or the fair market value of the vehicle. Additionally, all used FCEV sales and leases are exempt from the retail and state use tax. The FCEV exemption may not be combined with the Retail Sales and Use tax Exemption.

(Reference Revised Code of Washington 82.08.993 and 82.12.817)

Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station Make-Ready Building Tax Credit

Commercial buildings may receive a tax credit of up to $1,500 for the purchase and installation of EV charging stations make-ready infrastructure, or up to $3,000 if the infrastructure is in an affordable housing building. To be eligible, buildings may not be larger than 20,000 square feet and must install wiring capable of supporting Level 2 EV charging stations at 10% of parking spaces. This tax credit is available for all taxable years prior to January 1, 2030. Additional restrictions may apply. (Reference New Mexico Statutes 7-2-18.32)

Electric Vehicle (EV) and EV Charging Station Manufacturing Tax Credits

The Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity‘s Reimagining Electric Vehicles in Illinois Program (REV Illinois Program) offers tax credits to eligible EV, EV component parts, and EV charging station manufacturers. Credits are available in two tiers. Tier 1 credits are available to EV, EV component, and EV charging station manufacturers that invest a minimum of $20 million and create a at least 50 new jobs within 4 years in Illinois. Tier 2 credits are available to the following entities:

• EV manufacturers that invest a minimum of $1.5 billion and create at least 500 jobs within 5 years in Illinois;
• EV component part manufacturers that invest a minimum of $300 million and create at least 150 jobs within 5 years in Illinois; and,
• Manufacturers converting existing facilities to allow for EV and EV component production that invest a minimum of $100 million and create at least 75 new jobs within 5 years in Illinois.

Credits may be claimed beginning January 1, 2025. For more information, see the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity REV Illinois Program

(Reference Public Act 102-0669)

Ethanol Blending Tax Credit

Beginning January 1, 2022, motor fuel retailers that dispense high-level blends of ethanol in gasoline may be eligible to receive a tax credit. Credit amounts vary by blend level and apply to gallons sold in the previous calendar year. Blends of 15% ethanol (E15) are eligible for $0.05 per gallon and blends of 25% ethanol (E25) and higher are eligible for $0.08 per gallon. Additional conditions apply. The tax credit expires December 31, 2026.

(Reference Legislative Bill 1261, 2022)

Pre-Owned Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Tax Credit

Beginning January 1, 2023, the Clean Vehicle Credit provides a tax credit of up to $4,000 for the purchase of a pre-owned EV or FCEV. Eligible vehicles must be of a model year at least two years prior to the year of purchase and may not have a purchase price above $25,000. Individuals with a gross annual income below the following thresholds are eligible for the tax credit:

• $150,000 for joint filers

• $112,500 for head-of-household filers

• $75,000 for single filers

Only one tax credit may be claimed per vehicle. Individuals may not claim more than one pre-owned vehicle tax credit in a three-year period.

(Reference Public Law 117-169)

Commercial Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Tax Credit

Beginning January 1, 2023, a tax credit will be available to businesses for the purchase of new EVs and FCEVs. Vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) below 14,000 pounds (lbs.) must have a battery capacity of at least seven kilowatt-hours (kWh) and vehicles with a GVWR above 14,000 lbs. must have a battery capacity of at least 15 kWh. The tax credit amount is equal to the lesser of the following amounts:

• 15% of the vehicle purchase price for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
• 30% of the vehicle purchase price for EVs and FCEVs
• The incremental cost of the vehicle compared to an equivalent internal combustion engine vehicle

Maximum tax credits may not exceed $7,500 for vehicles under 14,000 lbs. and $40,000 for vehicles above 14,000 lbs. Businesses may not combine this tax credit with the Clean Vehicle Tax Credit.

See the IRS Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit for more details.

(Reference Public Law 117-169)

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) Manufacturing Tax Credit

Qualified advanced energy projects are eligible for a 30% tax credit for project investments to reequip, expand, or establish certain manufacturing facilities. Credits cannot be allocated to projects located in census tracts where projects have been previously allocated. Qualifying advanced energy project include, but are not limited to, projects that re-equip, expand, or establish a manufacturing or industrial facilities that produce or recycle light-, medium-, and heavy-duty EVs, FCEVs, EV charging stations, and hydrogen fueling stations. Additional terms apply.

(Reference Public Law 117-169 and 26 U.S. Code 48C)

Biodiesel Retailer Tax Credit

Beginning January 1, 2023, retail dealers that sell biodiesel fuel blends at a retail service station or distributors that sell a biodiesel blend directly to users are eligible for a state tax credit. Biodiesel blends containing a minimum of 5% biodiesel (B5) are eligible for a tax credit of $0.02 per gallon. Biodiesel blends containing a minimum of 11% biodiesel (B11) are eligible for a tax credit of $0.05 per gallon. The tax credit is refundable. Additional requirements apply.

(Reference House Bill 3, 2022 and Missouri Revised Statutes 135.755)

Ethanol Retailer Tax Credit

Beginning January 1, 2023, retailers that sell ethanol fuel blends containing between 15% ethanol (E15) and 85% ethanol (E85) directly to users are eligible for a state tax credit of $0.05 per gallon. The tax credit may not exceed the taxpayer’s liability for the taxable year and each year’s unused credit amount may be carried forward for up to five taxable years. Additional requirements apply.

(Reference House Bill 3, 2022 and Missouri Revised Statutes 135.755)

Hydrogen and Natural Gas Tax Credit

Businesses may receive a tax credit for the purchase of hydrogen or natural gas from a Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub in Pennsylvania. Tax credits may be equal to $0.81 per kilogram of hydrogen and $0.47 per one thousand cubic feet of natural gas purchased for use in manufacturing at a facility that is part of a Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub. Additional requirements apply.

(Reference House Bill 1059, 2021)

Fuel-Efficient Vehicle Tax Exemption

Vehicles purchased using a grant from the Clean Cars 4 All Program are exempt from sales tax. Additional requirements apply.

(Reference Senate Bill 1382, 2022 and California Revenue and Taxation Code 6368.2)

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Tax Credit

Producers of SAF are eligible for a tax credit of $1.25 per gallon. Qualifying SAF must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50%. SAF that decreases GHG emissions by more than 50% is eligible for an additional $0.01 per gallon for each percent the reduction exceeds 50%, up to $0.50 per gallon. To be eligible, SAF producers must be registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Additional terms and conditions apply. For more information, see the IRS SAF Credit website.

(Reference Public Law 117-169 and 26 U.S. Code 40B)

Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Conversion Tax Credit

An income tax credit is available for 10% of the cost to convert a vehicle to natural gas, electricity, propane, and hydrogen, up to $2,500 per vehicle. Converted vehicles must be fueled solely by an alternative fuel and must meet the emissions standards for low-emission or zero emission vehicles defined by the Board of Natural Resources. For more information, see the Georgia Environmental Protection Division Clean Vehicle Related Tax Credits website.

(Reference Georgia Code 48-7.40.16)