Publications

Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988

11/21/1995

Fuel Economy Test Procedures Alternative-Fueled Automobile CAFE Incentives and Fuel Economy Labeling Requirements - Environmental Protection Agency - 40 CFR Part 600

10/1/1995

This final rule amends the fuel economy regulations to include alternative-fueled automobiles. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) of 1988 includes 1993 model year and later alternative-fueled automobiles (passenger automobiles and light trucks) in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program on a favorable basis to encourage the manufacture of these vehicles. The AMFA provides these CAFE "credits" for automobiles designed to be fueled with methanol, ethanol, other alcohols, natural gas, or dual-fueled automobiles designed to operate on one or more of these alternative fuels and gasoline or diesel fuel. Under the AMFA, these credits are only available for automobiles that meet certain requirements regarding: alternative fuel content (e.g., for alcohol fuels, a minimum of 85 percent by volume alcohol), energy efficiency, and driving range. Neither the AMFA nor the final rule will affect automobiles that do not meet these requirements; such vehicles would not receive the favorable CAFE treatment. Alternative-fueled automobile labeling requirements are also specified in the AMFA. This final rule codifies the requirements of the AMFA in 40 CFR part 600. Recently, AMFA was amended by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, to extend the CAFE credit to automobiles designed to operate on additional types of alternative fuels. However, this final rule does not include these additional alternative fuel types, as they were not included in the CAFE program at the time the NPRM was published and the final rule was developed.

Notes: Text of final rule to be published in the Federal Register

Development of a Dedicated Ethanol Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) - Phase 2 Report

9/1/1995

The objective of this 3.5-year project was to develop a commercially competitive vehicle powered by ethanol that can meet California ULEV standards and equivalent corporate average fuel economy energy efficiency for a light-duty passenger car application. This report summarizes the second phase of this project, which lasted 12 months. It documents two baseline vehicles, the engine modifications to the original equipment manufacturer engines, advanced aftertreatment testing, and various fuel tests to evaluate the flammability, lubricity, and material compatibility of the ethanol fuel blends.

Authors: Dodge, L. G.;Bourn, G.;Callahan, T. J.;Naegeli, D. W.;Shouse, K. R.;Smith, L. R.;Whitney, K. A.

Fuel Ethanol Compatiblity Standards and Dispensing Equipment List for E85 Fueled Vehicles

8/10/1995

This document describes standards for blending, transporting, storing, and dispensing fuel ethanol.

Alternative Fuels In Trucking, Vol. 4, No. 1

7/1/1995

This issue includes articles on: Ford liquefied petroleum gas-powered F-700 may set sales records; California considers fuel specifications; new ultra-safe LPG fueling nozzle; CNG 18-wheeler proves efficient; and alternative fuel alliance forms.

Labeling Requirements for Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fueled Vehicles; Final Rule. Federal Trade Commission - 16 CFR Part 309.

5/19/1995

This excerpt from the Federal Register provides regulations pertaining to labeling requirements for alternative fuels and alternative fueled vehicles.

Clean Fuels Paving the Way for America's Future: A Source for Information on Clean Burning Alternative Transportation Fuels

4/1/1995

With so many alternative fuels being promoted by various groups, it is important for legislators, the public and all interested parties to understand the different fuels that are available, how they are made, how they are used and their impact on the environment. This brochure is intended to help legislators at all levels to make informed decisions and for the media, with a responsibility of informing the public, to be educated on these issues. The fuels covered in this brochure include: ethanol, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, methanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether, biodiesel, gasoline additives and combustion modifiers, electric vehicles, natural gas and propane. It also summarizes regional and state clean fuel policies and regulations.

Material Safety Data Sheet (fuel ethanol)

12/1/1994

This material safety data sheet (MSDS) provides health and safety data for ethanol.

The Relationship between Gasoline Composition and Vehicle Hydrocarbon Emissions: A Review of Current Studies and Future Research Needs

10/1/1994

This online report compares the relationship between gasoline composition and vehicle hydrocarbon emissions. It reviews current studies and identifies future research needs.

Notes: Copies of this document can be downloaded from the Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) Web site at: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1994/Suppl-4/schuetzle-full.html

Potential Impacts on Air Quality of the Use of Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel

9/1/1994

This study consisted of field tests to evaluate the potential air quality impacts of using ethanol-gasoline blends to fuel motor vehicles. Researchers took ambient air measurements at a centrally located site in Albuquerque, New Mexico during the summer of 1993 and the winter of 1994 for comparative analysis. Researchers also measured wind speed, wind direction, ozone, nitric oxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, aldehydes, organic acids, daytime temperature, and ultraviolet-B radiation by using a wide array of analytical instrumentation. The results of the measurement studies are discussed and analyzed with regard to the potential primary emissions of acetaldehyde from ethanol in the fuel mixture. This report also assesses the potential for using carbon isotopic analysis to determine the relative roles of various sources of hydrocarbons (natural versus anthropogenic) and proposes this method as a means of better estimating the relative impacts of ethanol fuel usage on urban air quality.

Authors: Gaffney, J.S.;Marley, N.A.

Injector Spray Characterization of Methanol in Reciprocating Engines

6/1/1994

This report covers a study that addressed cold-starting problems in alcohol-fueled, spark-ignition engines by using fine-spray port-fuel injectors to inject fuel directly into the cylinder. This task included development and characterization of some very fine-spray, port-fuel injectors for a methanol-fueled spark-ignition engine. After determining the spray characteristics, a computational study was performed to estimate the evaporation rate of the methanol fuel spray under cold-starting and steady-state conditions.

Authors: Dodge, L.;Naegeli, D.

Certification of a Carbureted Aircraft Engine on Ethanol Fuel

1/1/1994

Aircraft used in commercial operations must be licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in a certified category. In order to certify a new fuel, the engine and the airframe must both satisfy FAA requirements. The technical feasibility of ethanol as an aviation fuel was established over a 13 year period of research, development, flight test and demonstrations. A previous program obtained FAA certification for a fuel injected aircraft engine to use denatured 200 proof ethanol. It was determined that the use of ethanol in flight training operations would best establish the economic viability of ethanol while avoiding distribution problems. The most common flight trainer, the Cessna 152, was chosen to be certified. This aircraft is powered by a carbureted Lycoming engine, the O-235. This engine was modified to use ethanol and a test plan for certification was submitted to the FAA. The plan was accepted and the test conditions successfully met. After airframe certification, this aircraft will be placed in the flight training program at Baylor University and Texas State Technical College.

Authors: Shauck, M. E.;Tubbs J.;Zanin, M. G.

Alternative Fuels in Trucking, Vol. 2, No. 4

10/1/1993

This issue includes articles on: 1) reinventing transportation: alternative fuels, the federal fleet conversion task force, and the trucking industry; 2) nearly neat (100%) ethanol snow plows in Hennepin County, Minnesota; and 3) alternative fuels power trucking into the 21st century.

Alternative Fuel Vehicles for the State Fleets: Results of the 5-Year Planning Process

5/1/1993

This report documents the first attempt by the Department of Energy (DOE) to work with states to prepare five-year Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) acquisition plans to identify alternative fuels and vehicles that they are planning on or would like to acquire. These plans will be used in conjunction with previously gathered Federal five-year plans to encourage Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to expand the variety of AFVs produced, reduce the incremental cost of AFVs, and to encourage fuel suppliers to expand the alternative fuel infrastructure and alternative fuel availability. By identifying the needs and requirements of state fleets, DOE can begin to describe the specific nature of the future state fleets, and establish a defined market for OEMs and fuel suppliers.

Notes: Prepared by Abacus Technology Corporation, Chevy Chase, MD

Executive Order 12844 (1993)

4/21/1993

President Clinton orders federal agencies to increase purchase of alternative fuel vehicles by 50% over requirements set forth in the Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Authors: Clinton, W.J.