Feasibility Study for the Recycling of Nickel Metal Hydride Electric Vehicle Batteries - Final Report
1/1/1994
This feasibility study examined three possible recycling processes for two compositions (AB2 and AB5) of nickel metal hydride electric vehicle batteries to determine possible routes for recovering battery materials. Analysts examined the processes, estimated the costs for capital equipment and operation, and estimated the value of the reclaimed material. They examined the following three processes: (1) a chemical process that leached battery powders using hydrochloric acid, (2) a pyrometallurgical process, and (3) a physical separation/chemical process. The economic analysis reavealed that the physical separation/chemical process generated the most revenue.
Authors: Sabatini, J. C.;Field, E. L.;Wu, I. - C.;Cox, M. R.;Barnett, B. M.;Coleman, J. T.
Magnitude and Value of Electric Vehicle Emissions Reductions for Six Driving Cycles in Four U.S. Cities with Varying Air Quality Problems
10/1/1993
The emissions of logically competing mid-1990 gasoline vehicles (GVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are estimated as if the vehicles were driven in the same pattern (driving cycle). Six different driving cycles are evaluated, ranging in speed from 7 to 49 miles per hour (mph). These cycles are repeated using specific fuel composition, electric power mix, and environmental conditions applicable to Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, and New York. The year 2000 emissions differences are estimated for each of five pollutants: HC, CO, NOx, SOx, and CO2. With use of EVs, HC and CO emissions are consistently lowered by 98% or more. Across metropolitan areas, CO2 emissions reductions are uniformly large at low speed, but variable at high speed. It is found that initially-introduced EVs could achieve 100% emission reductions in Chicago by using off-peak power from nuclear power plants for recharging EVs. Emissions reductions occur for all combinations in Los Angeles and for most combinations in New York, except for SOx. NOx emissions are reduced in all four cities. An "avoided cost" value in dollars per ton of emissions reductions for each of the five pollutants is estimated in each of the four cities. The values for each city depend on severity of air quality standard violations. Dollar value of EV emissions reductions is calculated with dollars per ton of emissions reductions and estimated emissions reductions by EVs over the vehicle lifetime. The emissions reduction value is estimated as if a mid-1990s EV is substituted for a GV for each driving cycle in each city. Depending on driving conditions assumed, the emissions reduction value for EVs driven an average of 1.6 hours per day (h/d) ranges from $12,600 to $19,200 in Los Angeles; $8,500 to $12,200 in New York; $3,200 to $9,400 in Chicago; and $6,000 to $9,000 in Denver (1989$).
Authors: Wang, Q.;Santini, D. L.
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Program: 16th Annual Report to Congress for Fiscal Year 1992
8/1/1993
This report describes the progress achieved in developing electric and hybrid vehicle technologies, beginning with highlights of recent accomplishments in FY 1992. Detailed descriptions are provided of program activities during FY 1992 in the areas of battery, fuel cell, and propulsion system development, and testing and evaluation of new technology in fleet site operations and in laboratories. This Annual Report also contains a status report on incentives and use of foreign components, as well as a list of publications resulting from the DOE program.
AFDC Update: News of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (Vol. 2, Iss. 2)
7/1/1993
This issue includes articles on: 1) the growth of the AFDC; 2) new AFDC software; 3) AFDC's provision of state AFV purchasing plans; 4) the WVU transportable lab; 5) the availability of heavy-duty emissions data; 6) the collection of heavy duty AFV performance data; and 7) the hotline's responses to tax questions.
AFDC Update: News of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (Vol. 2, Iss. 1)
3/1/1993
This issue includes articles on: 1) the inclusion of transit buses and operational data in the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC); 2) AFDC's information sharing with fleet operators; 3) preparation of a CNG safety video by DOE and NREL; 4) EPACT's expansion of the role of OTT and AFDC; 5) a concentrated demonstration program beginning in Atlanta; 6) the promising emission results of M85; 7) DOE expansion of light-duty vehicle emissions testing; 8) hotline responses to EPACT questions; and 9) funding for vehicle conversion and fuel supply services.
AFDC Update: News of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (Vol. 1, Iss. 4)
11/1/1992
This issue includes articles on: 1) the significant expansion of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in federal fleets; 2) the first U.S. ethanol bus program; 3) a study on compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); 4) new CNG packer trucks in New York; 5) federal agency plans to change fleets to alternative fuels; 6) DOE's heavy-duty alternative-fuel demonstration program; 7) NREL/DOE plans to support data collection on school buses; and 8) the Congressional passage of the National Energy Strategy.
Public Law 102-486 - October 24, 1992: Energy Policy Act of 1992
10/24/1992
This act is intended to provide for improved energy efficiency. It includes provisions for the following: energy efficiency; alternative fuels - general; alternative fuels - non-federal programs; availability and use of replacement fuels, alternative fuels, and alternative fueled private vehicles; electric motor vehicles; electricity; high-level radioactive waste; United States enrichment corporation; remedial action and uranium revitalization; uranium enrichment health, safety, and environment; renewable energy; coal; strategic petroleum reserve; octane display and disclosure; global climate change; additional federal power act provisions; oil pipeline regulatory reform; general provisions - reduction of oil vulnerability; energy and environment; energy and economic growth; policy and administrative provisions; non-federal power act hydropower provisions; coal, oil, and gas; Indian energy resources; insular areas energy security; nuclear plant licensing; and additional nuclear energy provisions.
AFDC Update: News of the Alternative Fuels Data Center (Vol. 1, Iss. 3)
8/1/1992
This issue includes articles on: the emissions success of alcohol-powered heavy-duty engines; the AFDC plans to provide refueling map services; the alternative fuels hotline installed by DOE; a national energy strategy update; new emission data bases; federal fleet use of alcohol-fuel vehicles; and the first U.S. E85 fleet vehicles.
Three Scenarios for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Commercialization
11/1/1990
This document, produced by Energy Systems Division of Argonne National Laboratory, presents three scenarios for electric and hybrid vehicle commercialization, including total market penetration, regional market penetration, and an all city scenario. The scenarios were developed for 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010.
Authors: Bernard, MJ III;Singh, MK;Heitner, K